Automated assessment covers two different problem types that require different AI approaches. For objective assessment, multiple choice, short answer, fill-in-the-blank, automated marking is straightforward: rule-based matching for exact responses and semantic similarity models for short-answer responses where word-for-word matching is too strict. Accuracy on these item types is high and the technology is well-established. For extended written responses and essays, the problem is harder. NLP-based essay feedback models analyse writing along several dimensions: argument structure and logical coherence, evidence use and citation, writing quality and grammar, alignment with the assignment rubric criteria, and originality. The model returns structured feedback linked to the rubric criteria and to specific passages in the student's text. This is not the same as assigning a final grade automatically, for high-stakes assessments, the AI draft feedback goes to the instructor for review and approval before it reaches the student. For formative assessment, where the goal is rapid feedback to support learning rather than a final grade, fully automated feedback is appropriate and can be returned within seconds of submission. The result is that students get specific, actionable feedback on draft work immediately, rather than waiting days for instructor feedback on a final submission where there is no opportunity to improve.